独立住民投票
過去の独立住民投票
| Proposed state | Year | Proposed independence from | Majority for independence | Independence | Recognition of result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1817 | Yes | Yes | No | Unilaterally declared independence. | ||
| 1846 | American Colonization Society | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1853 | Maryland State Colonization Society | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1905 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1918 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1933 | Yes | No | No | |||
| 1945 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1945 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Initially recognized by the Republic of China, but recognition was abolished in 1953; recognized by the People's Republic of China. | ||
| 1946 | Yes | No | No | Independence declaration annulled by Denmark. | ||
| Newfoundland | 1948 | No | No | Yes | Integrated with Canada. | |
| Nagaland | 1951 | Yes | No | No | Unrecognized by the government of India.[1] | |
| 1955 | No | No | Yes | Integrated with West Germany. | ||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | Referendum on a new French constitution. A no vote would have led to independence. | ||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1958 | No | No | Yes | |||
| Western Samoa | 1961 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1962 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1964 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1964 | Yes | De facto | No | Unilaterally declared independence. | ||
| 1967 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1967 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 西パプア | 1969 | No | No | Yes | ||
| 1969 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1970 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1974 | Majority for associated status | Associated status achieved | Yes | Became an associated state of New Zealand. | ||
| 1974 | Yes | Yes | Yes | マヨットはフランスに残った。 | ||
| Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands | 1975 | No | No | Yes | ||
| 1976 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1977 | Yes | No | Yes | Independence plans dropped in 1994. | ||
| 1977 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1977 | Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum to become independent from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla and attain Crown colony status within the British Empire. Unrecognized by the central government. | ||
| 1980 | No | No | Yes | |||
| Ciskei | 1980 | Yes | De facto | 部分的 | Recognized by South Africa; not by the international community. | |
| 1982 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1983 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Became an associated state of the United States. | ||
| 1983 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1983 | No | No | Yes | Became an associated state of the United States. | ||
| 1984 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1984 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1986 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1987 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1990 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 一方的に独立を宣言 | ||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 一方的に独立を宣言 | ||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | No | No | アルバニアのみ承認 | ||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | De facto | No | 一方的に独立を宣言 | ||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | De facto | No | 一方的に独立を宣言 | ||
| Gagauz Republic | 1991 | Yes | De facto[2] | No | Unilaterally separated from Moldova; reintegrated into the country in 1995. | |
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1991 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1992 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 一方的に独立を宣言 | ||
| 1992 | No | No | Yes | 2006年にセルビア・モンテネグロから分離 | ||
| 1992 | Yes | De facto | No | 一方的に独立を宣言 | ||
| 1992 | Yes | Yes | No | Reintegrated with Russia in 1994. | ||
| 1993 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 1993 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1993 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1993 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1994 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1994 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1994 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1994 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1995 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1995 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1995[3] | Yes | No | No | Regarded as a micronation. | ||
| 1997 | Yes | De facto | No | Reintegrated with the Comoros in 2001. | ||
| 1998 | Yes | No | Yes | 2/3 majority was required for independence. | ||
| 1998 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 1999 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 2000 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2001 | Yes | De facto | No | |||
| 2004 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2004 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2005 | Yes | No | No | |||
| 2005 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2005 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2006 | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 2006 | Yes | De facto | No | |||
| 2006 | Yes | De facto | No | |||
| 2006 | Majority for associated status but Quorum not reached |
Associated status not achieved | Yes | The referendum was on whether Tokelau should become an associated state of New Zealand. 2/3 majority was required. | ||
| 2007 | Majority for associated status but Quorum not reached |
Associated status not achieved | Yes | |||
| 2009-2010 | Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Sri Lanka. | ||
| 2011 | Yes[4] | Yes | Yes | |||
| 2012 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2014 | Yes[5] | De facto[6] | No | Unilaterally declared independence. | ||
| 2014 | Yes[5] | De facto[6] | No | Unilaterally declared independence. | ||
| 2014 | Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Italy. | ||
| 2014 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2014 | Yes | No | No | |||
| 2014 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2016 | Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Brazil. | ||
| 2017 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2017 | Yes | No[7] | No | The referendum also took place in the disputed territories of Northern Iraq. | ||
| 2017 | Yes | No[8] | No | 一方的に独立宣言を行ったが、スペイン政府に無効化された。[9] | ||
| 2017 | Yes | No | No | Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Brazil. | ||
| 2018 | No | No | Yes | |||
| 2019 | Yes | Subject to negotiation[10] | Yes | Nonbinding vote.[11] Independence rests with Papua New Guinea's parliament.[12] | ||
| 2020 | No | No[13] | Yes | |||
| 2021 | No | No | Yes | 独立派のボイコットがあった。[14] |
脚注
- Walling, A. Wati; Agrawal, Ankush; Phom, B. Henshet (1 January 2018) (英語). Democracy In Nagaland: Tribes, Traditions, and Tensions.. Highlander Press. ISBN 9780692070314
- Marcin Kosienkowski (2017) The Gagauz Republic: An Autonomism-Driven De Facto State The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, volume 44, no. 3, pp292–313
- Roth, Christopher F. (March 2015). Let's Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements and Aspirant Nations, from Abkhazia to Zanzibar. Litwin Books, LLC. p. 90. "In 1995, Giorgio held a referendum, with Seborgans opting for independence 304-4."
- South Sudan backs independence – results
- “In eastern Ukraine, polls close amid allegations of double-voting - CNN.com”. CNN (2014年5月11日). 2014年9月30日閲覧。
- “Russia Praises Ukraine's Autonomy Law for Rebel Areas”. WSJ (2014年9月17日). 2014年9月30日閲覧。
- “Iraqi Kurds offer to 'freeze' independence referendum result”. BBC. (2017年10月25日) 2017年10月27日閲覧。
- Catalonia independence: Spain takes charge of Catalan government BBC News, 28 October 2017
- Suspendida la declaración de independencia de Cataluña (スペイン語)
- Lyons, Kate (2019年12月10日). “Bougainville referendum: region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Papua New Guinea”. The Guardian 2019年12月11日閲覧。
- “Bougainville referendum not binding - PM” (英語). Radio New Zealand (2019年3月11日). 2019年3月18日閲覧。
- “Bougainville independence: recalling promises of international help”. The Interpreter (2021年11月19日). 2021年12月3日閲覧。
- Sartre, Julien; Doherty, Ben (2020年10月4日). “New Caledonia rejects independence from France for second time” (英語). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 2020年10月4日閲覧。
- “New Caledonia pro-independence parties reject referendum result”. Al Jazeera (2021年12月13日). 2021年12月14日閲覧。
参考文献
- Harguindéguy, J.-B., Sánchez, E. S., & Sánchez, A. S. (2021). "Why do central states accept holding independence referendums? Analyzing the role of state peripheries." Electoral Studies.
- Juve J. Cortés Rivera (2020) "Creating new states: the strategic use of referendums in secession movements." Territory, Politics, Governance
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